We have performed 3D numerical simulations to investigate the effect of partial ionization on the process of magnetic flux emergence.In our study, we have modified the single-fluid MHD equations to include the presence of neutrals and have performed two basic experiments: one that assumes a fully ionized plasma (FI case) and one that assumes a part

At present, running safety in railway vehicles against flange-climb derailment is evaluated based on derailment quotient.This approach is preferred because measuring contact forces between wheel and rail is relatively easier than measuring the contact condition, and the dynamic condition of the contact forces can theoretically determine whether the